Indlela Ihlabathi Lashintsha Ngomnyaka Omnye Nje
Nazi iziganeko ezilishumi eziphambili ngo-2008.
1. I-Fed Innovated yokufaka iNkqubo yeBhanki ehlukileyo. Ngonyaka ka-2008, uSihlalo weSizwe waseBenner Reserve uBen Bernanke wasebenzisa izinto ezintsha ukuze avumele iFed ukuba inxweme iphumelele inkqubo yezimali. Ngo-Matshi, i-Fed iqalise iSibonelelo seNkcitho yeziTyalo. Yenza iimali-mboleko zexeshana ezifutshane zifumaneke kwiibhanki ezikhethiweyo zemali ezingayi kuboleka. Ngo-Oktobha, iFed yenza i-$ 540 yezigidigidi zeemali eziboleke imali yokubambisa imali yemarike yemali. NgoNovemba, iFed yavuma ukuthenga i-$ 800 yezigidi kwiibhanki ezixhaswe ngemali kwizame zokunciphisa inzala . Ngendima yayo njengebhanki yokugqibela, i-Fed yaba yiyona bhanki kuphela eyayisetyala.
2. Bear Bear Stearns. Ngo-Matshi, i-Federal Reserve yabamba intlanganiso yeveki yokuqala yezoxakeka-mali kwiminyaka engama-30 ukuzama ukugcina ibhanki yotyalo-mali i- Bear Stearns . Kwakukho, kwengozi yokubonga ngebhanki kwi-MBS embi kunye nezinye izibophelelo zetyala . Iintlanzi zinoyika, kwaye ngokufanelekileyo, ukuba ukwehluleka kwe-Bear Stearns kwakuza kufakwa kwezinye iibhanki zotyalo-mali.
Oku kwakuquka iMerrill Lynch, Lehman kunye neCitigroup. Enyanisweni, yile nto eyenzeka emva kwexesha likaLehman. Ekupheleni kuka-2008, i-Citigroup nayo yayidinga ibheyili-ngaphandle, nangona yayiyi-bhanki yoshishino elincinci.
3. UFreddie Mac kunye noFannie Mae Bailout. NgoSeptemba 2008, iinkampani zenkampani yokuthenga impahla uFannie Mae noFreddie Mac baba ngamagunya karhulumente kwakhona.
Babambe okanye baqinisekisa ngaphezu kweerandi eziyi-5 trillion, okanye isiqingatha, kwiimali zokubolekwa kwelizwe. Isebe leSebe leNondyebo lase- United States lithengile i-$ 100 yezigidi kwiimpahla ezikhethiweyo kunye ne- MBS . Isenzo safika emva kokuthengiswa kweentengiso zeWall Street kunye neziza zikaFannie kunye noFreddie. Oku kwenza ukuba akunakwenzeka ezi nkampani ezizimeleyo ukuphakamisa eyongezelelweyo inkunzi . Ngaphezulu, funda iindleko ze-Fannie no-Freddie Bailout .
4. Lehman Brothers Bankruptcy yaphazamisa ukubuyiswa komhlaba jikelele. Ukuba uNobhala weNondyebo uPaulson wayeyazi nje ukuba isenzo sakhe siza kubangela ukunyuka kwehlabathi. NgoSeptemba, watsho u-o ku-urhulumente ukukhusela i-Lehman ye-R60 billion kwizinto ezingenakuqinisekiswa kwempahla. Kwenzeke ngexesha lokuxoxisana ngeveki kunye nabathengi beBarlay kunye neBhanki yaseMelika. Ngelo xesha, wacinga ukuba imali yayininzi kakhulu. Kwakhona wayexinzelelo ukuba agcine urhulumente ekhoneni. Ngoku, kubonakala ngathi amazambane ezincinane. Abazalwana bakaLehman baxakeka bexakeke kwiibhanki zehlabathi. Oko kwandinceda kubangelwa ukuKhusela okuKhulu .
5. I-Fed Nationalized AIG. NgoSeptemba, i-Federal Reserve yathengisa izabelo kwi- AIG enkulu. Kutheni i-AIG ixabiso lokugcina? Ngenxa yokuba ithorensi ye- credit swaps . Bathengisa ngemali mboleko kunye nemali-mboleko ngokungafi.
Ukuba i-AIG ihamba phantsi, kuya kuba njalo le mboleko. Amaziko emali ehlabathini lonke anabo. Oku kuquka imali yemarike yemali, iimali zempesheni kunye neakhawunti yomhlalaphantsi. NgoNovemba, iFed yandise ukukhutshwa kwemali ukusuka kwi-$ 85 yezigidi ukuya kwi-150 yezigidigidi.
6. Iimakethi zetyala zitshatyalaliswa. NgoSeptemba, iibhanki zishiye i-$ 160 yezigidigidi kwi-akhawunti ekhuselekileyo yemarike yemarike . Amabhanki agxininisa imali yokubhalwa kwemali embi kunye nokuhoxiswa kwiibhanki. Ekupheleni kweveki, ibhanki ibanjwe i-$ 190 billion ngekheshi. Oku bekuchasene ne-$ 2 yezigidigidi. Ukukhutshwa kwakhokelela ekunyuseni kwi-benchmark LIBOR . Okuye kwaphakamisa intlawulo kwi $ 360 trillion kwiimali-mboleko kunye neempahla zekhadi lesikweletu. Ukuqhwala kwekhredithi kwakhokelela ekunqongopheni kwemali kwamashishini amaninzi, njengesiTekiti seSixeko kunye neenkampani ezinkulu ze-3 ze-auto . Ekuphenduleni, i-Federal Reserve iyanciphisa ixabiso lentengo kwi-zero, ukunciphisa i-LIBOR.
Kodwa, iibhanki ziyaqhubeka zigcina imali.
7. Ukuphela kweBhanki yeTyalo-mali. NgoNovemba, uGoldman Sachs noMorgan Stanley baba ngamabhanki athengisa rhoqo. Babenabini amabhanki atyalo-mali aphumeleleyo kwi-Wall Street. Oko kwaphela ixesha lokunciphisa umgangatho kunye nomngcipheko omkhulu.
8. I-Crash Market. Ekupheleni kuka-2008, i-Dow yehle phantsi kweepesenti ezingama-34, ukuvalwa kwi-8,816.62. Ezinye iindwendwe zenza okubi kunoko. I-S & P 500 iphelile ngo-907.22 (i-38 yeepesenti eyancipha), i- MSCI Yurophu yaseYurophu yayingaphantsi kweepesenti ezingama-45, kwaye i-MSCI Asia Pacific Index yawa ngama-43 ekhulwini. I-Dow yawa ngamaphesenti angama-25 ngo-Oktobha wedwa , ukusuka ngo-10,831 ngo-Oktobha 1 ukuya ku-8 175 ngo-Oktobha 27. Yafikelela kwi-low-7,552 ngoNovemba wama-20, i-46 ekhulwini iyancipha ukusuka kwi-Oktobha 2007 ephakamileyo ye-14 164.
9. Iingxowa-mali eziyi-700 zamaBhiliyoni. Ngo-Oktobha 3, i-Senate yadlulisela i -bill ye-$ 700 yezigidi-mali , ngoku kuthiwa yi- TARP . Le nkqubo yenzelwe ekuqaleni ukuthenga iimali ezinobuthi ezivela kwiibhanki, ukukhulula imali ngemali mboleko. Kodwa kuthathe ixesha elide ukuphumeza. Ngo-Oktobha 14, uNondyebo wasebenzisa iibhiliyoni ezingama-350 kwiNkqubo yokuThengiswa kweNtengo . Yathenga i- stock ekhethiweyo kwiibhanki ezinkulu. Oko kwanika ubunini urhulumente. NgoNovemba, imali yayisetyenziselwa ukugcina iinkampani zekhadi lesikweletu kwishishini. Ekupheleni kukaNovemba, i- Citigroup nayo yajoyina uluhlu lokukhuphela. Icandelo lezithuthi lifumene inxalenye yento abayicelayo.
10. U-Obama Won kaMongameli. UBarack Obama uzuze uongameli ngoNovemba 3, 2008. Uthembise ukubonelela ngethemba elidinga kakhulu ukugxotha umnotho ophelileyo. Iziphakamiso zakhe zanceda ukubuyisela ithemba kwiimarike zemali . Wahlengahlengisa i-arhente yokulawula , ukuphucula ukubonakalisa ukudalulwa kwemali, kunye nokuchithwa kwimisebenzi yokurhweba. Okuphambili kwakhe kwakukupompa kangangezigidi eziyi-800 zamaRandi kwizoqoqosho ngokusebenzisa iinkxaso zerhafu kunye nemisebenzi. Emva kokuba ingxaki ixazululwe, u-Obama waqalisa ukusetyenziswa kweprogram yakhe ye- 10 . Oku kuquka ukulawulwa komsebenzi kunye nokusingqongileyo kwiimvumelwano zorhwebo zamahhala kunye nokulungiswa kwempilo .
U-Obama wazizungezela nge-top-notch, ehlonishwayo kunye nabasebenzi bezoqoqosho. Wabeka ndawonye iBhodi yeNgcebiso ngezoQoqosho, ekhokelwa nguSihlalo we-Federal Reserve uPaul Volcker . Wabiza nzima-ukubetha uMary Schapiro njengenhloko ye-Securities and Exchange Exchange Commission. NjengoNobhala Wezezimali , uTim Geithner waletha amava avela kwi-New York Fed kunye ne- International Monetary Fund . I-vice-president we-Obama, uJoe Biden waletha amava amaninzi kumgaqo-nkqubo wezemali kwiqela.