Ngaba i-Mercantilism ebuyela kwiVogue?
Kwi-mercantilism, urhulumente uqinisa abanikazi bamashishini abucala kwimimandla yomveliso .
Iimpawu ezine zorhwebo, iimpahla eziyinkunzi , ubutyebi bemvelo kunye nabasebenzi . Ikwazisa i-monopolies, i-grants status-free status, kunye neenkxaso zempesheni kwiimashishini ezithandayo. Ibeka iintlawulo kwiintengiso. Kwakhona kuvimbela ukufuduka kwabasebenzi abanezakhono, iinjongo ezinkulu kunye nezixhobo. Ayivumeli nayiphi na into enokunceda iinkampani zangaphandle.
Ngenxa yoko, amashishini axhamla ubutyebi ekunyuseni kwamanye amazwe kubarhulumente babo. Iirhafu zalo zihlawula ukwandisa ukukhula kobuzwe kunye namandla ezopolitiko.
Imbali
I-Mercantilism yayiyimbono ephezulu eYurophu phakathi kwe-1500 neye-1800. Amazwe onke ayefuna ukuthumela ngaphandle ngaphezu kokungeniswa. Ngokubuya, bafumana igolide. Yanika amandla ekuziphendulela kwamazwe ngamazwe ngomlotha wama-feudalism. I-Holland, iFransi, iSpeyin, neNgilani ikhuphisana kwimida yezoqoqosho nezomkhosi. La mazwe adala amabutho abasebenzi abanobuchule kunye nemikhosi exhobileyo.
Ngaphambi koko, abantu bajolise kwiidolophu zabo, ubukumkani, okanye inkolo.
Umasipala ngamnye uhlawula irhafu yakhe kwiphina impahla eyadlula kwimida yayo. Umbuso wesizwe waqala ngo-1658 kunye neSivumelwano saseWestphalia. Kwagqitywa iMfazwe Yeminyaka Engama-30 phakathi koBukumkani Oyingcwele bamaRoma kunye namaqela ahlukahlukeneyo aseJamani.
Ukufika kwe-industrialization kunye ne- capitalism yabe isetyenziselwa isigaba sokumanyaniswa kwemali.
Bomeleza imfuneko yokuba isizwe esizilawulayo sikhusele amalungelo omashishini. Abarhwebi bancedisa oorhulumente belizwe ukuba bancede batshale amaqhinga angaphandle. Umzekelo nguNkampani yaseBritish East India. Wawunqoba iinkosana zaseIndiya kunye nama-260,000. Emva koko baphanga ubutyebi babo. Urhulumente waseBrithani ukhusele iimfuno zenkampani. Amalungu amaninzi ePalamente anesisitoreji kwinkampani. Ngenxa yoko, ukunqoba kwabo kwakumabhobho abo.
I-Mercantilism ixhomekeke kwikoloniyaliyali. URhulumente uza kusebenzisa amandla omkhosi ekuwuleni amazwe angaphandle. Amashishini aya kuxhaphaza izinto zendalo kunye noluntu. Iingeniso zikhuthaza ukunyuka okubanzi kunceda abahwebi kunye nesizwe.
I-Mercantilism iphinde isebenze ngesandla-nge-hand standard standard . Amazwe ahlawulwa ngegolide kwiintengiso zangaphandle. Iintlanga ezininzi zegolide zazingaphezulu. Babenokuqesha abaphathi kunye nabaphandi ukuba banwebe ubukhosi babo. Baye baxhaswa ngeemfazwe nezinye iintlanga ezazifuna ukuzixhaphaza. Ngenxa yoko, onke amazwe ayefuna intsalela yezorhwebo kunokuba ilahleke.
I-Mercantilism incike kwi-shipping. Ukulawulwa kwamanzi emhlaba kwakubalulekile kwiminqweno kazwelonke. Amazwe athuthukile oomatshini abanorhwebo.
Bamisela iirhafu eziphakamileyo kwiinqanawa zangaphandle. INgilani yayifuna ukuba yonke intengiso iqhutywe kwiinqanawa zayo.
Ukuphela kweMercantilism
Idemokhrasi kunye neentengiso zamahhala zonakalisa i-mercantilism ekupheleni kwe-1700s. Iinguqulelo zaseMerika neFransi zenziwe iintlanga ezinkulu ezilawulwa yintando yesininzi. Bavuma ukuxhomekeka kwemali.
UAdam Smith wagqiba i-mercantilism kunye ne-1776 ethi "Ubutyebi beZizwe." Wathetha ukuba urhwebo lwangaphandle luqinisa ubutyebi bamazwe omabini. Ilizwe ngalinye lijolise kwizinto ezivelisa kakuhle, zinika inzuzo yokufanisa. Kwakhona wachaza ukuba urhulumente owenza ishishini phambi kwabantu bawo akayi kuhlala. I-Smith's laiss-faire capitalism ihambelana nokunyuswa kwentando yeninzi eMelika naseYurophu.
Ngomnyaka we-1791, i-mercantilism yayiqhekeka, kodwa ukuhweba kwamahhala kwakungazange kuphuhliswe.
Amazwe amaninzi abuye alawulwe urhwebo lwamahhala ukukhulisa ukukhula kwekhaya. UNobhala WezeMali we-US u-Alexander Hamilton wayengumxhasi we-mercantilism. Ukhuthaza inkxaso karhulumente ukukhusela amashishini amancinci afanelekileyo kumdla kazwelonke. Amashishini afuna ukuxhasa inkxaso karhulumente kude kube yomelele ngokwaneleyo ukuzikhusela. UHamilton uphinde ucebise iirhafu zokunciphisa ukhuphiswano kule mimandla.
I-Fascism ne-totalitarianism yamkela i-mercantilism kuma-1930 no-1940. Emva kokuhlaselwa kwemakethe ye-stock market ka-1929, amazwe asebenzisa ukukhusela ukugcina imisebenzi. Baphendula kwiNkcitho yokuThuthukiswa kweNtlupheko . Ngo-1930 uMthetho we-Smoot-Hawley wabetha iirhafu ezingama-40 ukuya kuma -8 kwi-900. Xa amanye amazwe abuyisela, urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe lwawa ngama-65 ekhulwini, kwandisa ixesha lokudandatheka .
Ukunyuka kweNewercantilism
Ihlabathi leMfazwe II liphazamisekile iintlanga ezihlangeneyo zifuna ukusebenzisana kwehlabathi jikelele. Bakha iBhanki yehlabathi , iZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye ne- World Trade Organization . Bambona i-mercantilism iyingozi, kwaye ukudibanisa ihlabathi kukusindiswa kwayo.
Kodwa ezinye iintlanga azivumelani. ISoviet Union kunye neChina zaqhubeka nokukhuthaza uhlobo lwe-mercantilism. Uhlobo oluphambili lwaloo nto ibininzi yamashishini abo abekho karhulumente. Emva kwexesha, bathengisa iinkampani ezininzi karhulumente kubanini bangebucala. Olu tshintsho lwenza loo mazwe aphinde aphinde asebenzise i-mercantilist.
I-neomercantilism ifaneleka kakuhle kunye noorhulumente bazo . Baxhomekeke kwi- economic planning plan. Kwabavumela ukuba balawule urhwebo lwangaphandle. Kwakhona balawula ukulinganisela kweentlawulo kunye neendawo zangaphandle . Iinqununu zabo zikhethe ukuba amashishini angaphakamisa. Benza iimfazwe zemali ukuze banike amandla abo angaphandle kwamandla entengo. Ngokomzekelo, iChina yathengisa i- US Treasurys ukuba ifake i-trade yayo kunye ne-United States. Ngenxa yoko, iChina yaba ngumnini-mkhulu kunabo bonke abavela ngaphandle .
I-China ne-Russia zicwangcise ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kwezoqoqosho. Ngenxa yokomelela kwemali, baya kwandisa amandla abo kwezopolitiko kwinqanaba lehlabathi.
Kubalulekile namhlanje
I-Mercantilism yabeka isiseko sokwenza ubuzwe nokukhusela namhlanje. Iintlanga zivakalelwa kukuba zilahlekelwe ngamandla ngenxa yehlabathi kunye nokuxhomekeka kwezorhwebo.
I- Recent Recession yahlaziya ukutyekela kwi-mercantilism kumazwe angxowankulu. Ngokomzekelo, ngowama-2014, i- Indiya yonyulwa i-Hindu yobuzwe beNarendra Modi. Ngo-2016, iUnited States yakhetha u- Donald Trump ukuba abe ngumongameli. Iinjongo zeTrump zilandela uhlobo lwe-neo-mercantilism.
I-Trump ikhuthaza imigaqo-nkqubo yokwandiswa kwemali , njengento yokucoca irhafu , ukunceda amashishini. Uvakalisa izivumelwano zorhwebo phakathi kwamazwe amabini. Ukuba wayenako, wayeya kuqinisekisa ukuba izivumelwano ezingahambelaniyo . Bavumela isizwe esinamandla ukunyanzelisa isizwe esibuthakathaka ukuba sisebenzise imigaqo-yorhwebo eyenzela yona. I-Trump iyavuma ukuba izivumelwano ezininzi ziyaxhamla iinkampani ngenzuzo yelizwe ngalinye. Ezi zonke iimpawu zobuzwe bezoqoqosho kunye ne-mercantilism.
I-Mercantilism ichasana nokufuduka kuba kuthatha imisebenzi ngaphandle kwabasebenzi basekhaya. Iimigaqo-nkqubo zokufuduka kweTrump zalandelwa i-mercantilism. Ngokomzekelo, wathembisa ukwakha udonga emngceleni waseMexico .
Ngo-2018, imigaqo ye-mercantilist e-United States naseTshayina yaqalisa imfazwe yorhwebo . Amacandelo omabini asongela ukunyusa iintlawulo kwiintengiso zangaphandle . I-Trump ifuna iChina ukuba ivule imakethe yayo yasekhaya kwiinkampani zase-US. I-China idinga ukuba batshintshe ubuchwepheshe babo kwiinkampani zaseTshayina.
I-Trump iphinda ifune ukuphela kwezibonelelo zenkxaso zaseTshayina. I-China inceda ama-10 asetyenziswe phambili kwi-"Made in China 2025" icebo. Ezi ziquka robotics, aerospace, kunye nesofthiwe. I-China nayo iceba ukuba yiziko leengcali eziphambili zengqondo ngo-2030.
I-China yenza oku njengenxalenye yokuguqulwa kwayo kwezoqoqosho . Ifuna ukutshintshwa ukusuka kuqoqosho lolawulo olupheleleyo oluxhomekeke kumazwe angaphandle. Iyaqonda ukuba ifuna uqoqosho oluxubileyo lwasekhaya. Kodwa akukho zicwangciso zokushiya ukwamkelwa kwayo kwe-mercantilism.